![]() He served as secretary of state under Republican president George W. He formulated the Powell Doctrine, which limits American military action unless it satisfies criteria regarding American national security interests, overwhelming force, and widespread public support. During this time, he oversaw twenty-eight crises, including the invasion of Panama in 1989 and Operation Desert Storm in the Persian Gulf War against Iraq in 1990–1991. Powell's last military assignment, from October 1989 to September 1993, was as Joint Chiefs of Staff chairman, the highest military position in the United States Department of Defense. ![]() He was a professional soldier for 35 years, holding many command and staff positions and rising to the rank of four-star general. He also participated in ROTC at CCNY and received a commission as an Army second lieutenant on graduation in June 1958. He was raised in the South Bronx and educated in the New York City public schools, receiving a bachelor's degree in geology from the City College of New York (CCNY). Powell was born in New York City in 1937 to parents who immigrated from Jamaica. He was the 15th United States national security advisor from 1987 to 1989, and the 12th chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1989 to 1993. He was the first African American secretary of state. Colin Luther Powell ( / ˈ k oʊ l ɪ n ˈ p aʊ ə l/ KOH-lin POW-əl Ap– October 18, 2021) was an American politician, statesman, diplomat, and United States Army officer who was the 65th United States secretary of state from 2001 to 2005.
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